Introduction: In the genealogy of Western residential architecture, the "villa" emerged from the interplay between "economic production" and "intellectual leisure." This study examines the transmission and reinterpretation of villa framing paradigms from the Western tradition into the architecture of Gilan.The central question is whether Gilan's villas drew inspiration from Western precedents purely at a physical level, or if the "mode of landscape engagement and spatial organization" within the classical paradigm of pars rustica and pars urbana was likewise reinterpreted to accord with Gilan's climatic and cultural conditions.

Purpose:To elucidate the mechanism governing the transmission and localization of villa paradigms by tracing physical and semantic transformations across three components—"landscape," "spatial framing," and "cultural expression"—through a comparative synthesis of European and Gilan villa precedents.

Geographical area:Gilan Province; the research sample comprises 11 European villas and 6 villas in Gilan, selected through "purposive sampling" based on the criterion of "alignment with the villa-farm paradigm."

Methodology:A qualitative study utilizing a "historical-interpretive" approach and comparative analysis grounded in the thematic analysis of Ackerman and Howe's theoretical principles. The research process proceeded across three stages (documentary analysis, model refinement, and comparative analysis), employing four-tiered qualitative coding and source triangulation for validity.

Results and Discussion:Early villas in Gilan (such as the Anam-Gholi, Masoud Khan Soufi, and Falahat mansions), through the architectural element of the telar, reproduced the villa rustica to supervise the "productive landscape."In the late period (such as the Azamat Villa), this panoramic sensitivity evolved from a managerial-surveillance tool into an abstract-aesthetic quality and physical transparency aimed at visually capturing nature.

Conclusion:The fundamental villa paradigm in Gilan is the product of a dialectical tension between agrarian economy and leisure, signifying the triumph of urbana over rustica. Here, while retaining its logic of climatic extroversion, architecture metamorphosed from a "land-surveillance machine" into a "landscape-viewing platform."